冶金用耐火材料与铁水相际间运动的电现象

钢铁冶炼过程中,耐火材料与钢液(铁水)界面间存在的电场将影响两相间的润湿、溶解以及化学反应等界面作用。为明确钢液(铁水)与耐火材料间因相对运动所引起的摩擦起电行为,进行低温流体流动带电试验和热态模拟试验。由低温流体流动带电试验可知,随着搅拌速度的增加,流体与石墨容器因摩擦起电所产生的静电电压逐渐增大;不同种类的流体因其密度、黏度以及流体内部含有的杂质、离子数量不同,流动所产生的静电大小差别明显。由热态模拟试验可知,流动的铁水与耐火材料会产生摩擦起电,且随铁水流动速度的增加,由此产生的静电增大;不同种类的耐材与流动的铁水产生的静电大小各异,与其自身理化性质有关。     

High‐performance serial block‐face SEM of nonconductive biological samples enabled by focal gas injection‐based charge compensation

A longstanding limitation of imaging with serial block‐face scanning electron microscopy is specimen surface charging. This charging is largely due to the difficulties in making biological specimens and the resins in which they are embedded sufficiently conductive. Local accumulation of charge on the specimen surface can result in poor image quality and distortions. Even minor charging can lead to misalignments between sequential images of the block‐face due to image jitter. Typically, variable‐pressure SEM is used to reduce specimen charging, but this results in a significant reduction to spatial resolution, signal‐to‐noise ratio and overall image quality. Here we show the development and application of a simple system that effectively mitigates specimen charging by using focal gas injection of nitrogen over the sample block‐face during imaging. A standard gas injection valve is paired with a precisely positioned but retractable application nozzle, which is mechanically coupled to the reciprocating action of the serial block‐face ultramicrotome. This system enables the application of nitrogen gas precisely over the block‐face during imaging while allowing the specimen chamber to be maintained under high vacuum to maximise achievable SEM image resolution. The action of the ultramicrotome drives the nozzle retraction, automatically moving it away from the specimen area during the cutting cycle of the knife. The device described was added to a Gatan 3View system with minimal modifications, allowing high‐resolution block‐face imaging of even the most charge prone of epoxy‐embedded biological samples.     

A guide to analysis and reconstruction of serial block face scanning electron microscopy data

Serial block face scanning electron microscopy (SBF‐SEM) is a relatively new technique that allows the acquisition of serially sectioned, imaged and digitally aligned ultrastructural data. There is a wealth of information that can be obtained from the resulting image stacks but this presents a new challenge for researchers – how to computationally analyse and make best use of the large datasets produced. One approach is to reconstruct structures and features of interest in 3D. However, the software programmes can appear overwhelming, time‐consuming and not intuitive for those new to image analysis. There are a limited number of published articles that provide sufficient detail on how to do this type of reconstruction. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to provide a detailed step‐by‐step protocol, accompanied by tutorial videos, for several types of analysis programmes that can be used on raw SBF‐SEM data, although there are more options available than can be covered here. To showcase the programmes, datasets of skeletal muscle from foetal and adult guinea pigs are initially used with procedures subsequently applied to guinea pig cardiac tissue and locust brain. The tissue is processed using the heavy metal protocol developed specifically for SBF‐SEM. Trimmed resin blocks are placed into a Zeiss Sigma SEM incorporating the Gatan 3View and the resulting image stacks are analysed in three different programmes, Fiji, Amira and MIB, using a range of tools available for segmentation. The results from the image analysis comparison show that the analysis tools are often more suited to a particular type of structure. For example, larger structures, such as nuclei and cells, can be segmented using interpolation, which speeds up analysis; single contrast structures, such as the nucleolus, can be segmented using the contrast‐based thresholding tools. Knowing the nature of the tissue and its specific structures (complexity, contrast, if there are distinct membranes, size) will help to determine the best method for reconstruction and thus maximize informative output from valuable tissue.     

山银花黄酮类化合物药理作用的研究进展

山银花在疾病的防治过程中起着非常重要的作用,本文就山银花物种的地域分布、山银花黄酮类化合物的化学成分以及该化合物在抗菌、抗病毒、抗氧化、解热降温、抗动脉粥样硬化、毒副作用及其他方面药理学作用的最新研究进行了综述,为山银花进一步地研究开发与利用提供参考依据。     

稳定塔顶空冷堵塞原因分析及应对措施

针对蜡油加氢裂化装置在长周期运行过程中出现的稳定塔顶空冷器铵盐堵塞的问题进行了分析。介绍了稳定塔顶空冷器堵塞的原因,利用铵盐易溶于水的特点,在实际生产中采取了在稳定塔顶空冷器前注水清洗的方法避免铵盐的沉积,取得了较好的效果,确保了装置长周期运行。     

泡沫浮选分离法的最新发展动态

泡沫分离是根据吸附的原理,向含表面活性物质的液体中鼓泡,使液体内的表面活性物质聚集在气液界面上,在液体主体上方形成泡沫层,将泡沫层和液相主体分开,就可以达到浓缩表面活性物质和净化液相主体的目的。泡沫分离是以气泡作分离介质来浓集表面活性物质的一种新型分离技术。本文注重介绍了泡沫浮选分离法的发展历史及其发展状况,另外也论述了其最新的发展动态,以及其优缺点。     

基于萘基块酰胺型开链冠醚的合成及表征

首次合成了以对氯苯胺和苯胺为端基的4种双酰胺型开链冠醚,并对其进行了核磁氢谱、碳谱、元素分析及质谱的结构表征。     

浅谈反应进度和摩尔反应和引用单位反应概念

深入讨论了物理化学教学中的热化学部分中经常采用的反应进度和摩尔反应等重要概念,并采用摩尔反应概念时存在的一些问题和解决这些问题的方法。提出引用一种新的概念—单位反应概念,详细介绍单位反应概念并把它代替摩尔反应概念的优点。     

HDPE/SEBS/oib-POSS复合材料的制备

采用直接共混法和母料共混法制备了高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)/苯乙烯-乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物(SEBS)/八异丁基笼形倍半硅氧烷(oib-POSS)复合材料。结果表明:oib-POSS可提高HDPE/SEBS的耐热性,其添加方式对HDPE/SEBS的耐热性影响不大;oib-POSS对HDPE的结晶温度与熔点影响较小,但结晶度随着oib-POSS用量的增加先上升后下降;采用母料共混法制备的HDPE/SEBS/oib-POSS复合材料的力学性能明显优于HDPE/SEBS以及采用直接共混法制备的HDPE/SEBS/oib-POSS复合材料。当w(oib-POSS)为4%时,HDPE/SEBS/oib-POSS复合材料的综合性能最佳,拉伸强度与悬臂梁缺口冲击强度较HDPE/SEBS分别提高了13.82%,65.38%。     

水溶性线形-超支化嵌均共聚物合成及表征

采用三羟甲基丙烷三马来酸单酯（TMPTM）与甲基丙烯酸(MAA)在水中进行自由基共聚,合成线形-超支化嵌均聚合物(LHBPs)。单体竞聚率数值表明TMPTM与MAA之间为典型的嵌均共聚,NMR、 lg[η]-lgMw关系规律以及支化因子g’研究结果表明,当单体摩尔比n (MAA)/n(MTPTM)小于48时,产物显示超支化聚合物特征,当n (MAA)/n(MTPTM)≥48时,聚合物呈现线形聚合物特征。DSC分析表明,LHBP-3聚合物玻璃化转变温度约为209.98℃,TGA表明在50-600℃升温过程中,LHBP聚合物有两次分解,分解温度分别为206.38℃(脱羧)和429.57℃（骨架分解）。